What is What about Hacking
HACKING IS VITAL THAT CAN PERFORM TO DO ANY TASK IN ANYWAY
there are many ways to learn HACKING
THROUGH SCRIPT
All scripting languages are programming languages. The scripting language is basically a language where instructions are written for a run time environment. They do not require the compilation step and are rather interpreted. It brings new functions to applications and glue complex system together. A scripting language is a programming language designed for integrating and communicating with other programming languages.
There are many scripting languages some of them are discussed below:
bash: It is a scripting language to work in the Linux interface. It is a lot easier to use bash to create scripts than other programming languages. It describes the tools to use and code in the command line and create useful reusable scripts and conserve documentation for other people to work with.
Node js: It is a framework to write network applications using JavaScript. Corporate users of Node.js include IBM, LinkedIn, Microsoft, Netflix, PayPal, Yahoo for real-time web applications.
Ruby: There are a lot of reasons to learn Ruby programming language. Ruby’s flexibility has allowed developers to create innovative software. It is a scripting language which is great for web development.
Python: It is easy, free and open source. It supports procedure-oriented programming and object-oriented programming. Python is an interpreted language with dynamic semantics and huge lines of code are scripted and is currently the most hyped language among developers.
Perl: A scripting language with innovative features to make it different and popular. Found on all windows and Linux servers. It helps in text manipulation tasks. High traffic websites that use Perl extensively include priceline.com, IMDB.
Advantages of scripting languages:
Easy learning: The user can learn to code in scripting languages quickly, not much knowledge of web technology is required.
Fast editing: It is highly efficient with the limited number of data structures and variables to use.
Interactivity: It helps in adding visualization interfaces and combinations in web pages. Modern web pages demand the use of scripting languages. To create enhanced web pages, fascinated visual description which includes background and foreground colors and so on.
Functionality: There are different libraries which are part of different scripting languages. They help in creating new applications in web browsers and are different from normal programming languages.
Application of Scripting Languages: Scripting languages are used in many areas:
Scripting languages are used in web applications. It is used in server side as well as client side. Server side scripting languages are: JavaScript, PHP, Perl etc. and client side scripting languages are: JavaScript, AJAX, jQuery etc.
Scripting languages are used in system administration. For example: Shell, Perl, Python scripts etc.
It is used in Games application and Multimedia.
It is used to create plugins and extensions for existing applications.
THROUGH NETWORKING
A computer network is a system that connects numerous independent computers in order to share information (data) and resources. The integration of computers and other different devices allows users to communicate more easily.
A computer network is a collection of two or more computer systems that are linked together. A network connection can be established using either cable or wireless media. Hardware and software are used to connect computers and tools in any network.
A computer network consists of various kinds of nodes. Servers, networking hardware, personal computers, and other specialized or general-purpose hosts can all be nodes in a computer network. Hostnames and network addresses are used to identify them.
Criteria of good network:
Performance: It can be measured in many ways, including transmit time and response time. Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another. Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response. The performance of the network depends on a number of factors, including the number of users, the type of medium & hardware
Reliability: In the addition to accuracy is measured by frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from failure, and the network’s robustness in catastrophe.
Security: Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data from damage and development, and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data loss.
Goal Of Networking:
Programs do not have to execute on a single system because of resource and load sharing.
Reduced costs – Multiple machines can share printers, tape drives, and other peripherals.
Reliability – If one machine fails, another can take its place.
Scalability (it’s simple to add more processors or computers)
Communication and mail (people living apart can work together)
Information Access (remote information access, access to the internet, e-mail, video conferencing, and online shopping)
Entertainment that is interactive (online games, videos, etc.)
Social Networking
Types of Networks
Division based on the communication medium
Wired Network: As we all know, “wired” refers to any physical medium made up of cables. Copper wire, twisted pair, or fiber optic cables are all options. A wired network employs wires to link devices to the Internet or another network, such as laptops or desktop PCs.
Wireless Network: “Wireless” means without wire, media that is made up of electromagnetic waves (EM Waves) or infrared waves. Antennas or sensors will be present on all wireless devices. Cellular phones, wireless sensors, TV remotes, satellite disc receivers, and laptops with WLAN cards are all examples of wireless devices. For data or voice communication, a wireless network uses radio frequency waves rather than wires.
Division based on area covered
Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network that covers an area of around 10 kilometers. For example, a college network or an office network. Depending upon the needs of the organization, a LAN can be a single office, building, or Campus. We can have two PCs and one printer in-home office or it can extend throughout a company and include audio and video devices. Each host in LAN has an identifier, an address that defines hists in LAN. A packet sent by the host to another host carries both the source host’s and the destination host’s address.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): MAN refers to a network that covers an entire city. For example: consider the cable television network.
Wide Area Network (WAN): WAN refers to a network that connects countries or continents. For example, the Internet allows users to access a distributed system called www from anywhere around the globe.WAN interconnects connecting devices such as switches, routers, or modems. A LAN is normally privately owned by an organization that uses it. We see two distinct examples of WANs today: point-to-point WANs and Switched WANs
Point To Point: Connects two connecting devices through transmission media.
Switched: A switched WAN is a network with more than two ends.
Based on types of communication
Point To Point networks: Point-to-Point networking is a type of data networking that establishes a direct link between two networking nodes.
A direct link between two devices, such as a computer and a printer, is known as a point-to-point connection.
Multipoint: is the one in which more than two specific devices share links. In the multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is shared, either spartailly or temporally. If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially shared connection.
Broadcast networks: In broadcast networks, a signal method in which numerous parties can hear a single sender. Radio stations are an excellent illustration of the “Broadcast Network” in everyday life. The radio station is a sender of data/signal in this scenario, and data is only intended to travel in one direction. Away from the radio transmission tower, to be precise.
Based on the type of architecture
P2P Networks: Computers with similar capabilities and configurations are referred to as peers.
“Peer to Peer” is the abbreviation for “peer to peer.” The “peers” in a peer-to-peer network are computer systems that are connected to each other over the Internet. Without the use of a central server, files can be shared directly between systems on the network.
Client-Server Networks: Each computer or process on the network is either a client or a server in a client-server architecture (client/server). The client asks for services from the server, which the server provides. Servers are high-performance computers or processes that manage disc drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers)
Hybrid Networks: The hybrid model refers to a network that uses a combination of client-server and peer-to-peer architecture. Eg: Torrent.
Network Topology
1. Bus Topology: Every computer and network device is connected to a single cable in a bus topology network. Linear Bus topology is defined as having exactly two terminals.
Advantages
Installation is simple.
Compared to mesh, star, and tree topologies, the bus utilizes less cabling.
Disadvantages
Difficulty in reconfiguring and isolating faults.
A bus cable malfunction or break interrupts all communication.
2. Ring Topology: The topology is named ring topology because one computer is connected to another, with the final one being connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device. A signal is passed along the ring in one direction. Each ring incorporates a repeater.
Advantages
Data transmission is relatively straightforward because packets only move in one direction.
There is no requirement for a central controller to manage communication between nodes.
Easy installation & Reconfiguration
Simplified Faulty connections
Disadvantages
In a Unidirectional Ring, a data packet must traverse through all nodes.
All computers must be turned on in order for them to connect with one another.
3. Star Topology: Each device in a star topology has a dedicated point-to-point link to a central controller, which is commonly referred to as the HUB. There is no direct connection between the devices. Traffic between the devices is not allowed in this topology. As an exchange, the controller is used.
Advantages
When attaching or disconnecting devices, there are no network interruptions.
It’s simple to set up and configure.
Identifying and isolating faults is simple.
Less Expensive than mesh
Easy to install & configure
Disadvantages
Nodes attached to the hub, switch, or concentrator is failed if they fail.
Because of the expense of the hubs, it is more expensive than linear bus topologies.
More cable required compared to bus or ring
Too much dependency on Hub
Example: Used in high-speed LANs
4. Mesh Topology: Every device in a mesh topology has dedicated point-to-point connectivity to every other device. The term “dedicated” refers to the fact that the link exclusively transports data between the two devices it links. To connect n devices, a fully connected mesh network contains n *(n-1)/2 physical channels.
Advantages
Data can be sent from multiple devices at the same time. This topology can handle a lot of traffic.
Even if one of the connections fails, a backup is always available. As a result, data transit is unaffected.
Physical boundaries prevent other users from gaining access to messages
Point to Point links make fault transmission & fault isolation easy
Disadvantages
The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports that are necessary.
The sheer bulk of wiring can be greater than the available space can accommodate.
It is difficult to install and reconfigure.
Example: connection of telephone regional office in which each regional office needs to be connected to every other regional office.
5. Tree Topology: The topology of a tree is similar to that of a star. Nodes in a tree, like those in a star, are connected to a central hub that manages network traffic. It has a root node, which is connected to all other nodes, producing a hierarchy. Hierarchical topology is another name for it. The number of Star networks is connected via Bus in Tree Topology.
Advantages
Network expansion is both possible and simple.
We partition the entire network into pieces (star networks) that are easier to manage and maintain.
Other segments are unaffected if one segment is damaged.
Disadvantages
Tree topology relies largely on the main bus cable because of its basic structure, and if it fails, the entire network is handicapped.
Maintenance becomes more challenging when more nodes and segments are added.
Networking Devices
Basic hardware interconnecting network nodes, such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, and Routers, are used in all networks. In addition, a mechanism for connecting these building parts is necessary, which is usually galvanic cable and optical cable are less popular (“optical fiber”)The following are the network devices :
NIC (Network Interface Card): A network card, often known as a network adapter or NIC (network interface card), is computer hardware that enables computers to communicate via a network. It offers physical access to networking media and, in many cases, MAC addresses serve as a low-level addressing scheme. Each network interface card has a distinct identifier. This is stored on a chip that is attached to the card.
Repeater: A repeater is an electrical device that receives a signal, cleans it of unwanted noise, regenerates it, and retransmits it at a higher power level or to the opposite side of an obstruction, allowing the signal to travel greater distances without degradation. In the majority of twisted pair Ethernet networks, Repeaters are necessary for cable lengths longer than 100 meters in some systems. Repeaters are based on physics.
Hub: A hub is a device that joins together many twisted pairs or fiber optic Ethernet devices to give the illusion as a formation of a single network segment. The device can be visualized as a multiport repeater. A network hub is a relatively simple broadcast device. Any packet entering any port is regenerated and broadcast out on all other ports, and hubs do not control any of the traffic that passes through them. Packet collisions occur as a result of every packet being sent out through all other ports, substantially impeding the smooth flow of communication.
Bridges: Bridges broadcast data to all the ports but not on the one that received the transmission. Bridges, on the other hand, learn which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports rather than copying messages to all ports as hubs do. Once a port and an address are associated, the bridge will only transport traffic for that address to that port.
Switches: A switch differs from a hub in that it only forwards frames to the ports that are participating in the communication, rather than all of the ports that are connected. The collision domain is broken by a switch, yet the switch depicts itself as a broadcast domain. Frame forwarding decisions are made by switches based on MAC addresses.
Routers: Routers are networking devices that use headers and forwarding tables to find the optimal way to forward data packets between networks. A router is a computer networking device that links two or more computer networks and selectively exchanges data packets between them. A router can use address information in each data packet to determine if the source and destination are on the same network or if the data packet has to be transported between networks. When numerous routers are deployed in a wide collection of interconnected networks, the routers share target system addresses so that each router can develop a table displaying the preferred pathways between any two systems on the associated networks.
Gateways: To provide system compatibility, a gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators. It also necessitates the development of administrative procedures that are acceptable to both networks. By completing the necessary protocol conversions, a protocol translation/mapping gateway joins networks that use distinct network protocol technologies.
Internet
The internet is a larger network that allows computer networks controlled by enterprises, governments, colleges, and other organizations all over the world to communicate with one another. As a result, there are a tangle of cables, computers, data centers, routers, servers, repeaters, satellites, and wi-fi towers that allow digital data to go around the world.
The Internet is a vast network of networks that functions as a networking infrastructure. It links millions of computers throughout the world, creating a network in which any computer can talk with any other computer as long as they are both linked to the Internet.
The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate and share information using a standardized Internet Protocol Suite.
THROUGH HACKING
Ethical Hacking:
To crack passwords or to steal data? No, it is much more than that. Ethical hacking is to scan vulnerabilities and to find potential threats on a computer or networks. An ethical hacker finds the weak points or loopholes in a computer, web applications or network and reports them to the organization. So, let’s explore more about Ethical Hacking step-by-step.
These are various types of hackers:
(1) White Hat Hackers (Cyber-Security Hacker)
(2) Black Hat Hackers (Cracker)
(3) Gray Hat Hackers (Both)
Let’s summarize them one-by-one.
White Hat Hackers:
Here, we look for bugs and ethically report it to the organization. We are authorized as a user to test for bugs in a website or network and report it to them. White hat hackers generally get all the needed information about the application or network to test for, from the organization itself. They use their skills to test it before the website goes live or attacked by malicious hackers.
Black Hat Hackers:
Here, the organization doesn’t allow the user to test it. They unethically enter inside the website and steal data from the admin panel or manipulate the data. They only focus on themselves and the advantages they will get from the personal data for personal financial gain. They can cause major damage to the company by altering the functions which lead to the loss of the company at a much higher extent. This can even lead you to extreme consequences.
Grey Hat Hackers:
They sometimes access to the data and violates the law. But never have the same intention as Black hat hackers, they often operate for the common good. The main difference is that they exploit vulnerability publicly whereas white hat hackers do it privately
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